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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "# Strings\n",
    "\n",
    "Strings, in Python, are a fundamental data type used to represent text. Whether it's a single character or a large paragraph, any text enclosed within either single quotes ('') or double quotes (\"\") is considered a string in Python. These strings serve as the building blocks for text manipulation, and Python equips us with a rich set of built-in methods, or manipulators, to operate on strings. You can perform operations like changing letter cases, [slicing](./slicing.ipynb), and much more to manipulate and extract valuable information from text data.\n",
    "\n",
    "In Python, declaring variables is straightforward. You simply assign a value to a variable name using the assignment operator (=). For example, you can declare variables like this:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "45d1761f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Declaring basic strings\n",
    "name = \"Brad\"\n",
    "location = 'Halifax'\n",
    "occupation = 'DevOps Engineer'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "093c372e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "```{note}\n",
    "Strings, as mentioned, can be enclosed in either single quotes (`''`) or double quotes (`\"\"`), allowing you flexibility in your code. Moreover, if a string needs to contain both types of quotes, you can use the backslash (\\\\) as an escape character to ensure Python interprets the characters correctly.\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "003526f9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## String Methods\n",
    "\n",
    "Strings can accept methods which alter the contents of the string. Some examples of string methods that are built into Python include:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "fd5a5d63",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "MASTERY BY ROBERT GREENE\n",
      "mastery by robert greene\n",
      "Mastery By Robert Greene\n",
      "Mastery by robert greene\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "book_title = \"mastery by Robert greene\"\n",
    "print(book_title.upper())\n",
    "print(book_title.lower())\n",
    "print(book_title.title())\n",
    "print(book_title.capitalize())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a154226a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Concatenating Strings\n",
    "\n",
    "Strings can be combined together with simple plus (`+`) signs:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "9ebd5109",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "There was a famous scientist named Albert Einstien.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "first_name = \"Albert\"\n",
    "last_name = \"Einstien\"\n",
    "print(\"There was a famous scientist named \" + first_name + \" \" + last_name + \".\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d0306465-d1aa-43bf-b445-36f8e532faee",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## F-Strings\n",
    "\n",
    "Introduced in version 3.6 (3.11.5 is current as of Fall 2023), \"F-Strings\" are a much improved way to build strings in Python.  Simply preceed a string with `f` before the opening quotation.  Then any variable can be surrouned by curly braces `{}`, removing the need to cast variables of various types.  For example:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "1e2023fb-579a-4ad2-861f-cfb9c6a4143e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My name is Jim and I am 32 years old!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name = \"Jim\"\n",
    "age = 32\n",
    "print(f\"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7107435d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Adding & Removing Whitespace\n",
    "\n",
    "Special characters can be added to strings that add whitespace. These include:\n",
    "\n",
    "1.  `\\t` which adds a tab (4 spaces)\n",
    "2.  `\\n` which adds a newline\n",
    "\n",
    "Example:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "512031fc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, I'm \t \t Brad!\n",
      "and you are learning \n",
      " \t Python\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Hello, I'm \\t \\t Brad!\")\n",
    "print(\"and you are learning \\n \\t Python\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0c6637c9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Whitespace can also be stripped out using methods. These include `strip()`  (both sides), `rstrip()` (right side) and `lstrip` (left side).\n",
    "\n",
    "Example:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "f7732790",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello I am       Albert Einstein       .\n",
      "Hello I am Albert Einstein.\n",
      "Hello I am       Albert Einstein.\n",
      "Hello I am Albert Einstein       .\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name = \"      Albert Einstein       \"\n",
    "print(\"Hello I am \" + name + \".\") # whitespace remains\n",
    "print(\"Hello I am \" + name.strip() + \".\") # whitespace stripped\n",
    "print(\"Hello I am \" + name.rstrip() + \".\") # whitespace on righ stripped\n",
    "print(\"Hello I am \" + name.lstrip() + \".\") # whitespace on left stripped"
   ]
  }
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